1.
Following surgery, Mario complains of mild incisional pain while
performing deep- breathing and coughing exercises. The nurse’s best
response would be:
A. “Pain will become less each day.”
B. “This is a normal reaction after surgery.”
C. “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.”
D. “I will give you the pain medication the physician ordered.”
Answer: (C) “With a pillow, apply pressure against the incision.”
Applying
pressure against the incision with a pillow will help lessen the
intra-abdominal pressure created by coughing which causes tension on the
incision that leads to pain.
2. The nurse needs to carefully assess the complaint of pain of the elderly because older people
A. are expected to experience chronic pain
B. have a decreased pain threshold
C. experience reduced sensory perception
D. have altered mental function
Answer: (C) experience reduced sensory perception
Degenerative
changes occur in the elderly. The response to pain in the elderly maybe
lessened because of reduced acuity of touch, alterations in neural
pathways and diminished processing of sensory data.
3.
Mary received AtropineSO4 as a pre-medication 30 minutes ago and is now
complaining of dry mouth and her PR is higher, than before the
medication was administered. The nurse’s best
A. The patient is having an allergic reaction to the drug.
B. The patient needs a higher dose of this drug
C. This is normal side-effect of AtSO4
D. The patient is anxious about upcoming surgery
Answer: (C) This is normal side-effect of AtSO4
Atropine sulfate is a vagolytic drug that decreases oropharyngeal secretions and increases the heart rate.
4.
Ana’s postoperative vital signs are a blood pressure of 80/50 mm Hg, a
pulse of 140, and respirations of 32. Suspecting shock, which of the
following orders would the nurse question?
A. Put the client in modified Trendelenberg's position.
B. Administer oxygen at 100%.
C. Monitor urine output every hour.
D. Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h
Answer: (D) Administer Demerol 50mg IM q4h
Administering
Demerol, which is a narcotic analgesic, can depress respiratory and
cardiac function and thus not given to a patient in shock. What is
needed is promotion for adequate oxygenation and perfusion. All the
other interventions can be expected to be done by the nurse.
5.
Mr. Pablo, diagnosed with Bladder Cancer, is scheduled for a cystectomy
with the creation of an ileal conduit in the morning. He is wringing
his hands and pacing the floor when the nurse enters his room. What is
the best approach?
A. "Good evening, Mr. Pablo. Wasn't it a pleasant day, today?"
B. "Mr, Pablo, you must be so worried, I'll leave you alone with your thoughts.
C. “Mr. Pablo, you'll wear out the hospital floors and yourself at this rate."
D. "Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about tomorrow's surgery?"
Answer: (D) "Mr. Pablo, you appear anxious to me. How are you feeling about tomorrow's surgery?"
The
client is showing signs of anxiety reaction to a stressful event.
Recognizing the client’s anxiety conveys acceptance of his behavior and
will allow for verbalization of feelings and concerns.
6.
After surgery, Gina returns from the Post-anesthesia Care Unit
(Recovery Room) with a nasogastric tube in place following a gall
bladder surgery. She continues to complain of nausea. Which action would
the nurse take?
A. Call the physician immediately.
B. Administer the prescribed antiemetic.
C. Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any obstruction.
D. Change the patient’s position.
Answer: (C) Check the patency of the nasogastric tube for any obstruction.
Nausea
is one of the common complaints of a patient after receiving general
anesthesia. But this complaint could be aggravated by gastric distention
especially in a patient who has undergone abdominal surgery. Insertion
of the NGT helps relieve the problem. Checking on the patency of the NGT
for any obstruction will help the nurse determine the cause of the
problem and institute the necessary intervention.
7.
Mr. Perez is in continuous pain from cancer that has metastasized to
the bone. Pain medication provides little relief and he refuses to move.
The nurse should plan to:
A. Reassure him that the nurses will not hurt him
B. Let him perform his own activities of daily living
C. Handle him gently when assisting with required care
D. Complete A.M. care quickly as possible when necessary
Answer: (C) Handle him gently when assisting with required care
Patients
with cancer and bone metastasis experience severe pain especially when
moving. Bone tumors weaken the bone to appoint at which normal
activities and even position changes can lead to fracture. During
nursing care, the patient needs to be supported and handled gently.
8.
A client returns from the recovery room at 9AM alert and oriented, with
an IV infusing. His pulse is 82, blood pressure is 120/80, respirations
are 20, and all are within normal range. At 10 am and at 11 am, his
vital signs are stable. At noon, however, his pulse rate is 94, blood
pressure is 116/74, and respirations are 24. What nursing action is most
appropriate?
A. Notify his physician.
B. Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes.
C. Take his vital signs again in an hour.
D. Place the patient in shock position.
Answer: (B) Take his vital signs again in 15 minutes.
Monitoring
the client’s vital signs following surgery gives the nurse a sound
information about the client’s condition. Complications can occur during
this period as a result of the surgery or the anesthesia or both.
Keeping close track of changes in the VS and validating them will help
the nurse initiate interventions to prevent complications from
occurring.
9.
A 56 year old construction worker is brought to the hospital
unconscious after falling from a 2-story building. When assessing the
client, the nurse would be most concerned if the assessment revealed:
A. Reactive pupils
B. A depressed fontanel
C. Bleeding from ears
D. An elevated temperature
Answer: (C) Bleeding from ears
The
nurse needs to perform a thorough assessment that could indicate
alterations in cerebral function, increased intracranial pressures,
fractures and bleeding. Bleeding from the ears occurs only with basal
skull fractures that can easily contribute to increased intracranial
pressure and brain herniation
10. Which of the ff. statements by the client to the nurse indicates a risk factor for CAD?
A. “I exercise every other day.”
B. “My father died of Myasthenia Gravis.”
C. “My cholesterol is 180.”
D. “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.”
Answer: (D) “I smoke 1 1/2 packs of cigarettes per day.”
Smoking
has been considered as one of the major modifiable risk factors for
coronary artery disease. Exercise and maintaining normal serum
cholesterol levels help in its prevention.
11. Mr. Braga was ordered Digoxin 0.25 mg. OD. Which is poor knowledge regarding this drug?
A. It has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects
B. The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output
C. Toxixity can occur more easily in the presence of hypokalemia, liver and renal problems
D. Do not give the drug if the apical rate is less than 60 beats per minute.
Answer: (B) The positive inotropic effect will decrease urine output
Inotropic
effect of drugs on the heart causes increase force of its contraction.
This increases cardiac output that improves renal perfusion resulting in
an improved urine output.
12. Valsalva maneuver can result in bradycardia. Which of the following activities will not stimulate Valsalva's maneuver?
A. Use of stool softeners.
B. Enema administration
C. Gagging while toothbrushing.
D. Lifting heavy objects
Answer: (A) Use of stool softeners.
Straining
or bearing down activities can cause vagal stimulation that leads to
bradycardia. Use of stool softeners promote easy bowel evacuation that
prevents straining or the valsalva maneuver.
13. The nurse is teaching the patient regarding his permanent artificial pacemaker. Which information
given by the nurse shows her knowledge deficit about the artificial cardiac pacemaker?
A. take the pulse rate once a day, in the morning upon awakening
B. may be allowed to use electrical appliances
C. have regular follow up care
D. may engage in contact sports
Answer: (D) may engage in contact sports
The
client should be advised by the nurse to avoid contact sports. This
will prevent trauma to the area of the pacemaker generator.
14. A patient with angina pectoris is being discharged home with nitroglycerine tablets. Which of the
following instructions does the nurse include in the teaching?
A.
“When your chest pain begins, lie down, and place one tablet under your
tongue. If the pain continues, take another tablet in 5 minutes.”
B. “Place one tablet under your tongue. If the pain is not relieved in 15 minutes, go to the hospital.”
C.
“Continue your activity, and if the pain does not go away in 10
minutes, begin taking the nitro tablets one every 5 minutes for 15
minutes, then go lie down.”
D.
“Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five minutes
for three doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved.
Answer:
(D) “Place one Nitroglycerine tablet under the tongue every five
minutes for three doses. Go to the hospital if the pain is unrelieved.
Angina
pectoris is caused by myocardial ischemia related to decreased coronary
blood supply. Giving nitroglycerine will produce coronary vasodilation
that improves the coronary blood flow in 3 – 5 mins. If the chest pain
is unrelieved, after three tablets, there is a possibility of acute
coronary occlusion that requires immediate medical attention.
15.
A client with chronic heart failure has been placed on a diet
restricted to 2000mg. of sodium per day. The client demonstrates
adequate knowledge if behaviors are evident such as not salting food and
avoidance of which food?
A. Whole milk
B. Canned sardines
C. Plain nuts
D. Eggs
Answer: (B) Canned sardines
Canned foods are generally rich in sodium content as salt is used as the main preservative.
16.
A student nurse is assigned to a client who has a diagnosis of
thrombophlebitis. Which action by this team member is most appropriate?
A. Apply a heating pad to the involved site.
B. Elevate the client's legs 90 degrees.
C. Instruct the client about the need for bed rest.
D. Provide active range-of-motion exercises to both legs at least twice every shift.
Answer: (C) Instruct the client about the need for bed rest.
In
a client with thrombophlebitis, bedrest will prevent the dislodgment of
the clot in the extremity which can lead to pulmonary embolism.
17.
A client receiving heparin sodium asks the nurse how the drug works.
Which of the following points would the nurse include in the explanation
to the client?
A. It dissolves existing thrombi.
B. It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation of clots.
C. It inactivates thrombin that forms and dissolves existing thrombi.
D. It interferes with vitamin K absorption.
Answer: (B) It prevents conversion of factors that are needed in the formation of clots.
Heparin is an anticoagulant. It prevents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin. It does not dissolve a clot.
18. The nurse is conducting an education session for a group of smokers in a “stop smoking” class.
Which finding would the nurse state as a common symptom of lung cancer? :
A. Dyspnea on exertion
B. Foamy, blood-tinged sputum
C. Wheezing sound on inspiration
D. Cough or change in a chronic cough
Answer: (D) Cough or change in a chronic cough
Cigarette
smoke is a carcinogen that irritates and damages the respiratory
epithelium. The irritation causes the cough which initially maybe dry,
persistent and unproductive. As the tumor enlarges, obstruction of the
airways occurs and the cough may become productive due to infection.
19. Which is the most relevant knowledge about oxygen administration to a client with COPD?
A. Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for breathing.
B. Hypoxia stimulates the central chemoreceptors in the medulla that makes the client breath.
C. Oxygen is administered best using a non-rebreathing mask
D. Blood gases are monitored using a pulse oximeter.
Answer: (A) Oxygen at 1-2L/min is given to maintain the hypoxic stimulus for breathing.
COPD
causes a chronic CO2 retention that renders the medulla insensitive to
the CO2 stimulation for breathing. The hypoxic state of the client then
becomes the stimulus for breathing. Giving the clientoxygen in low
concentrations will maintain the client’s hypoxic drive.
20. When suctioning mucus from a client's lungs, which nursing action would be least appropriate?
A. Lubricate the catheter tip with sterile saline before insertion.
B. Use sterile technique with a two-gloved approach
C. Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20 second
D. Hyperoxygenate the client before and after suctioning
Answer: (C) Suction until the client indicates to stop or no longer than 20 second
One
hazard encountered when suctioning a client is the development of
hypoxia. Suctioning sucks not only the secretions but also the gases
found in the airways. This can be prevented by suctioning the client for
an average time of 5-10 seconds and not more than 15 seconds and
hyperoxygenating the client before and after suctioning.
21.
Dr. Santos prescribes oral rifampin (Rimactane) and isoniazid (INH) for
a client with a positive Tuberculin skin test. When informing the
client of this decision, the nurse knows that the purpose of this choice
of treatment is to
A. Cause less irritation to the gastrointestinal tract
B. Destroy resistant organisms and promote proper blood levels of the drugs
C. Gain a more rapid systemic effect
D. Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect
Answer: (D) Delay resistance and increase the tuberculostatic effect
Pulmonary
TB is treated primarily with chemotherapeutic agents for 6-12 mons. A
prolonged treatment duration is necessary to ensure eradication of the
organisms and to prevent relapse. The increasing prevalence of drug
resistance points to the need to begin the treatment with drugs in
combination. Using drugs in combination can delay the drug resistance.
22.
Mario undergoes a left thoracotomy and a partial pneumonectomy. Chest
tubes are inserted, and one-bottle water-seal drainage is instituted in
the operating room. In the
postanesthesia care unit Mario is placed in Fowler's position on either his right
side or on his back to
A. Reduce incisional pain.
B. Facilitate ventilation of the left lung.
C. Equalize pressure in the pleural space.
D. Increase venous return
Answer: (B) Facilitate ventilation of the left lung.
Since
only a partial pneumonectomy is done, there is a need to promote
expansion of this remaining Left lung by positioning the client on the
opposite unoperated side.
23.
A client with COPD is being prepared for discharge. The following are
relevant instructions to the client regarding the use of an oral inhaler
EXCEPT
A. Breath in and out as fully as possible before placing the mouthpiece inside the mouth.
B. Inhale slowly through the mouth as the canister is pressed down
C. Hold his breath for about 10 seconds before exhaling
D. Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after inhaling the drug.
Answer: (D) Slowly breath out through the mouth with pursed lips after inhaling the drug.
If
the client breathes out through the mouth with pursed lips, this can
easily force the just inhaled drug out of the respiratory tract that
will lessen its effectiveness.
24.
A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy. When teaching the client what
to expect afterward, the nurse's highest priority of information would
be
A. Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours.
B. Warm saline gargles will be done q 2h.
C. Coughing and deep-breathing exercises will be done q2h.
D. Only ice chips and cold liquids will be allowed initially.
Answer: (A) Food and fluids will be withheld for at least 2 hours.
Prior
to bronchoscopy, the doctors sprays the back of the throat with
anesthetic to minimize the gag reflex and thus facilitate the insertion
of the bronchoscope. Giving the client food and drink after the
procedure without checking on the return of the gag reflex can cause the
client to aspirate. The gag reflex usually returns after two hours.
25.
The nurse enters the room of a client with chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease. The client's nasal cannula oxygen is running at a
rate of 6 L per minute, the skin color is pink, and the respirations are
9 per minute and shallow. What is the nurse’s best initial action?
A. Take heart rate and blood pressure.
B. Call the physician.
C. Lower the oxygen rate.
D. Position the client in a Fowler's position.
Answer: (C) Lower the oxygen rate.
The
client with COPD is suffering from chronic CO2 retention. The hypoxic
drive is his chief stimulus for breathing. Giving O2 inhalation at a
rate that is more than 2-3L/min can make the client lose his hypoxic
drive which can be assessed as decreasing RR.
26.
The nurse is preparing her plan of care for her patient diagnosed with
pneumonia. Which is the most appropriate nursing diagnosis for this
patient?
A. Fluid volume deficit
B. Decreased tissue perfusion.
C. Impaired gas exchange.
D. Risk for infection
Answer: (C) Impaired gas exchange.
Pneumonia,
which is an infection, causes lobar consolidation thus impairing gas
exchange between the alveoli and the blood. Because the patient would
require adequate hydration, this makes him prone to fluid volume excess.
27.
A nurse at the weight loss clinic assesses a client who has a large
abdomen and a rounded face. Which additional assessment finding would
lead the nurse to suspect that the client has Cushing’s syndrome rather
than obesity?
A. large thighs and upper arms
B. pendulous abdomen and large hips
C. abdominal striae and ankle enlargement
D. posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities
Answer: (D) posterior neck fat pad and thin extremities
“Buffalo
hump” is the accumulation of fat pads over the upper back and neck. Fat
may also accumulate on the face. There is truncal obesity but the
extremities are thin. All these are noted in a client with Cushing’s
syndrome.
28. Which statement by the client indicates understanding of the possible side effects of Prednisone therapy?
A. “I should limit my potassium intake because hyperkalemia is a side-effect of this drug.”
B. “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I shouldn’t skip doses.”
C. “This medicine will protect me from getting any colds or infection.”
D. “My incision will heal much faster because of this drug.”
Answer: (B) “I must take this medicine exactly as my doctor ordered it. I shouldn’t skip doses.”
The
possible side effects of steroid administration are hypokalemia,
increase tendency to infection and poor wound healing. Clients on the
drug must follow strictly the doctor’s order since skipping the drug can
lower the drug level in the blood that can trigger acute adrenal
insufficiency or Addisonian Crisis
29.
A client, who is suspected of having Pheochromocytoma, complains of
sweating, palpitation and headache. Which assessment is essential for
the nurse to make first?
A. Pupil reaction
B. Hand grips
C. Blood pressure
D. Blood glucose
Answer: (C) Blood pressure
Pheochromocytoma
is a tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes an increase secretion of
catecholamines that can elevate the blood pressure.
30.
The nurse is attending a bridal shower for a friend when another guest,
who happens to be a diabetic, starts to tremble and complains of
dizziness. The next best action for the nurse to take is to:
A. Encourage the guest to eat some baked macaroni
B. Call the guest’s personal physician
C. Offer the guest a cup of coffee
D. Give the guest a glass of orange juice
Answer: (D) Give the guest a glass of orange juice
In
diabetic patients, the nurse should watch out for signs of hypoglycemia
manifested by dizziness, tremors, weakness, pallor diaphoresis and
tachycardia. When this occurs in a conscious client, he should be given
immediately carbohydrates in the form of fruit juice, hard candy, honey
or, if unconscious, glucagons or dextrose per IV.
31. An adult, who is newly diagnosed with Graves disease, asks the nurse, “Why do I need to take
Propanolol (Inderal)?” Based on the nurse’s understanding of the medication and Grave’s
disease, the best response would be:
A. “The medication will limit thyroid hormone secretion.”
B. “The medication limit synthesis of the thyroid hormones.”
C. “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s disease.”
D. “The medication will increase the synthesis of thyroid hormones.”
Answer: (C) “The medication will block the cardiovascular symptoms of Grave’s disease.”
Propranolol
(Inderal) is a beta-adrenergic blocker that controls the cardiovascular
manifestations brought about by increased secretion of the thyroid
hormone in Grave’s disease.
32. During the first 24 hours after thyroid surgery, the nurse should include in her care:
A. Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing
B. Supporting the head during mild range of motion exercise
C. Encouraging the client to ventilate her feelings about the surgery
D. Advising the client that she can resume her normal activities immediately
Answer: (A) Checking the back and sides of the operative dressing
Following
surgery of the thyroid gland, bleeding is a potential complication.
This can best be assessed by checking the back and the sides of the
operative dressing as the blood may flow towards the side and back
leaving the front dry and clear of drainage.
33.
On discharge, the nurse teaches the patient to observe for signs of
surgically induced hypothyroidism. The nurse would know that the patient
understands the teaching when she states she should notify the MD if
she develops:
A. Intolerance to heat
B. Dry skin and fatigue
C. Progressive weight gain
D. Insomnia and excitability
Answer: (C) Progressive weight gain
Hypothyroidism,
a decrease in thyroid hormone production, is characterized by
hypometabolism that manifests itself with weight gain.
34. What is the best reason for the nurse in instructing the client to rotate injection sites for insulin?
A. Lipodystrophy can result and is extremely painful
B. Poor rotation technique can cause superficial hemorrhaging
C. Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption rates from these
D. Injection sites can never be reused
Answer: (C) Lipodystrophic areas can result, causing erratic insulin absorption rates from these
Lipodystrophy
is the development of fibrofatty masses at the injection site caused by
repeated use of an injection site. Injecting insulin into these scarred
areas can cause the insulin to be poorly absorbed and lead to erratic
reactions.
35. Which of the following would be inappropriate to include in a diabetic teaching plan?
A. Change position hourly to increase circulation
B. Inspect feet and legs daily for any changes
C. Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping
D. Keep the insulin not in use in the refrigerator
Answer: (C) Keep legs elevated on 2 pillows while sleeping
The
client with DM has decreased peripheral circulation caused by
microangiopathy. Keeping the legs elevated during sleep will further
cause circulatory impairment.
36. Included in the plan of care for the immediate post-gastroscopy period will be:
A. Maintain NGT to intermittent suction
B. Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
C. Assess for pain and medicate as ordered
D. Measure abdominal girth every 4 hours
Answer: (B) Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
The
client, after gastroscopy, has temporary impairment of the gag reflex
due to the anesthetic that has been sprayed into his throat prior to the
procedure. Giving fluids and food at this time can lead to aspiration.
36. Included in the plan of care for the immediate post-gastroscopy period will be:
A. Maintain NGT to intermittent suction
B. Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
C. Assess for pain and medicate as ordered
D. Measure abdominal girth every 4 hours
Answer: (B) Assess gag reflex prior to administration of fluids
The
client, after gastroscopy, has temporary impairment of the gag reflex
due to the anesthetic that has been sprayed into his throat prior to the
procedure. Giving fluids and food at this time can lead to aspiration.
37. Which description of pain would be most characteristic of a duodenal ulcer?
A. Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is relieved by food intake
B. RUQ pain that increases after meal
C. Sharp pain in the epigastric area that radiates to the right shoulder
D. A sensation of painful pressure in the midsternal area
Answer: (A) Gnawing, dull, aching, hungerlike pain in the epigastric area that is relieved by food intake
Duodenal
ulcer is related to an increase in the secretion of HCl. This can be
buffered by food intake thus the relief of the pain that is brought
about by food intake.
38.
The client underwent Billroth surgery for gastric ulcer.
Post-operatively, the drainage from his NGT is thick and the volume of
secretions has dramatically reduced in the last 2 hours and the client
feels like vomiting. The most appropriate nursing action is to:
A. Reposition the NGT by advancing it gently NSS
B. Notify the MD of your findings
C. Irrigate the NGT with 50 cc of sterile
D. Discontinue the low-intermittent suction
Answer: (B) Notify the MD of your findings
The
client’s feeling of vomiting and the reduction in the volume of NGT
drainage that is thick are signs of possible abdominal distention caused
by obstruction of the NGT. This should be reported immediately to the
MD to prevent tension and rupture on the site of anastomosis caused by
gastric distention.
39. After Billroth II Surgery, the client developed dumping syndrome. Which of the following should
the nurse exclude in the plan of care?
A. Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals
B. Take only sips of H2O between bites of solid food
C. Eat small meals every 2-3 hours
D. Reduce the amount of simple carbohydrate in the diet
Answer: (A) Sit upright for at least 30 minutes after meals
The
dumping syndrome occurs within 30 mins after a meal due to rapid
gastric emptying, causing distention of the duodenum or jejunum produced
by a bolus of food. To delay the emptying, the client has to lie down
after meals. Sitting up after meals will promote the dumping syndrome.
40. The laboratory of a male patient with Peptic ulcer revealed an elevated titer of Helicobacter pylori.
Which of the following statements indicate an understanding of this data?
A. Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics
B. No treatment is necessary at this time
C. This result indicates gastric cancer caused by the organism
D. Surgical treatment is necessary
Answer: (A) Treatment will include Ranitidine and Antibiotics
One
of the causes of peptic ulcer is H. Pylori infection. It releases toxin
that destroys the gastric and duodenal mucosa which decreases the
gastric epithelium’s resistance to acid digestion. Giving antibiotics
will control the infection and Ranitidine, which is a histamine-2
blocker, will reduce acid secretion that can lead to ulcer.
41. What instructions should the client be given before undergoing a paracentesis?
A. NPO 12 hours before procedure
B. Empty bladder before procedure
C. Strict bed rest following procedure
D. Empty bowel before procedure
Answer: (B) Empty bladder before procedure
Paracentesis
involves the removal of ascitic fluid from the peritoneal cavity
through a puncture made below the umbilicus. The client needs to void
before the procedure to prevent accidental puncture of a distended
bladder during the procedure.
42.
The husband of a client asks the nurse about the protein-restricted
diet ordered because of advanced liver disease. What statement by the
nurse would best explain the purpose of the diet?
A. “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the breakdown of protein in the digestive system.”
B. “The liver heals better with a high carbohydrates diet rather than protein.”
C. “Most people have too much protein in their diets. The amount of this diet is better for liver healing.”
D.
“Because of portal hyperemesis, the blood flows around the liver and
ammonia made from protein collects in the brain causing hallucinations.”
Answer: (A) “The liver cannot rid the body of ammonia that is made by the breakdown of protein in the digestive system.”
The
largest source of ammonia is the enzymatic and bacterial digestion of
dietary and blood proteins in the GI tract. A protein-restricted diet
will therefore decrease ammonia production.
43. Which of the drug of choice for pain controls the patient with acute pancreatitis?
A. Morphine
B. NSAIDS
C. Meperidine
D. Codeine
Answer: (C) Meperidine
Pain
in acute pancreatitis is caused by irritation and edema of the inflamed
pancreas as well as spasm due to obstruction of the pancreatic ducts.
Demerol is the drug of choice because it is less likely to cause spasm
of the Sphincter of Oddi unlike Morphine which is spasmogenic.
44. Immediately after cholecystectomy, the nursing action that should assume the highest priority is:
A. encouraging the client to take adequate deep breaths by mouth
B. encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
C. changing the dressing at least BID
D. irrigate the T-tube frequently
Answer: (B) encouraging the client to cough and deep breathe
Cholecystectomy
requires a subcostal incision. To minimize pain, clients have a
tendency to take shallow breaths which can lead to respiratory
complications like pneumonia and atelectasis. Deep breathing and
coughing exercises can help prevent such complications.
45.
A Sengstaken-Blakemore tube is inserted in the effort to stop the
bleeding esophageal varices in a patient with complicated liver
cirrhosis. Upon insertion of the tube, the client complains of
difficulty of breathing. The first action of the nurse is to:
A. Deflate the esophageal balloon
B. Monitor VS
C. Encourage him to take deep breaths
D. Notify the MD
Answer: (A) Deflate the esophageal balloon
When
a client with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube develops difficulty of
breathing, it means the tube is displaced and the inflated balloon is in
the oropharynx causing airway obstruction
46.
The client presents with severe rectal bleeding, 16 diarrheal stools a
day, severe abdominal pain, tenesmus and dehydration. Because of these
symptoms the nurse should be alert for other problems associated with
what disease?
A. Chrons disease
B. Ulcerative colitis
C. Diverticulitis
D. Peritonitis
Answer: (B) Ulcerative colitis
Ulcerative
colitis is a chronic inflammatory condition producing edema and
ulceration affecting the entire colon. Ulcerations lead to sloughing
that causes stools as many as 10-20 times a day that is filled with
blood, pus and mucus. The other symptoms mentioned accompany the
problem.
47. A client is being evaluated for cancer of the colon. In preparing the client for barium enema, the nurse should:
A. Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the morning before the test
B. Render an oil retention enema and give laxative the night before
C. Instruct the client to swallow 6 radiopaque tablets the evening before the study
D. Place the client on CBR a day before the study
Answer: (A) Give laxative the night before and a cleansing enema in the morning before the test
Barium
enema is the radiologic visualization of the colon using a die. To
obtain accurate results in this procedure, the bowels must be emptied of
fecal material thus the need for laxative and enema.
48. The client has a good understanding of the means to reduce the chances of colon cancer when
he states:
A. “I will exercise daily.”
B. “I will include more red meat in my diet.”
C. “I will have an annual chest x-ray.”
D. “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”
Answer: (D) “I will include more fresh fruits and vegetables in my diet.”
Numerous
aspects of diet and nutrition may contribute to the development of
cancer. A low-fiber diet, such as when fresh fruits and vegetables are
minimal or lacking in the diet, slows transport of materials through the
gut which has been linked to colorectal cancer.
49. Days after abdominal surgery, the client’s wound dehisces. The safest nursing intervention when
this occurs is to
A. Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing
B. Approximate the wound edges with tapes
C. Irrigate the wound with sterile saline
D. Hold the abdominal contents in place with a sterile gloved hand
Answer: (A) Cover the wound with sterile, moist saline dressing
Dehiscence
is the partial or complete separation of the surgical wound edges. When
this occurs, the client is placed in low Fowler’s position and
instructed to lie quietly. The wound should be covered to protect it
from exposure and the dressing must be sterile to protect it from
infection and moist to prevent the dressing from sticking to the wound
which can disturb the healing process.
50.
An intravenous pyelogram reveals that Paulo, age 35, has a renal
calculus. He is believed to have a small stone that will pass
spontaneously. To increase the chance of the stone passing, the nurse
would instruct the client to force fluids and to
A. Strain all urine.
B. Ambulate.
C. Remain on bed rest.
D. Ask for medications to relax him.
Answer: (B) Ambulate.
Free
unattached stones in the urinary tract can be passed out with the urine
by ambulation which can mobilize the stone and by increased fluid
intake which will flush out the stone during urination.
51.
A female client is admitted with a diagnosis of acute renal failure.
She is awake, alert, oriented, and complaining of severe back pain,
nausea and vomiting and abdominal cramps. Her vital signs are blood
pressure 100/70 mm Hg, pulse 110, respirations 30, and oral temperature
100.4°F (38°C). Her electrolytes are sodium 120 mEq/L, potassium 5.2
mEq/L; her urinary output for the first 8 hours is 50 ml. The client is
displaying signs of which electrolyte imbalance?
A. Hyponatremia
B. Hyperkalemia
C. Hyperphosphatemia
D. Hypercalcemia
Answer: (A) Hyponatremia
The
normal serum sodium level is 135 – 145 mEq/L. The client’s serum sodium
is below normal. Hyponatremia also manifests itself with abdominal
cramps and nausea and vomiting
52. Assessing the laboratory findings, which result would the nurse most likely expect to find in a
client with chronic renal failure?
A. BUN 10 to 30 mg/dl, potassium 4.0 mEq/L, creatinine 0.5 to 1.5 mg/dl
B. Decreased serum calcium, blood pH 7.2, potassium 6.5 mEq/L
C. BUN 15 mg/dl, increased serum calcium, creatinine l.0 mg/dl
D. BUN 35 to 40 mg/dl, potassium 3.5 mEq/L, pH 7.35, decreased serum calcium
Answer: (B) Decreased serum calcium, blood pH 7.2, potassium 6.5 mEq/L
Chronic
renal failure is usually the end result of gradual tissue destruction
and loss of renal function. With the loss of renal function, the kidneys
ability to regulate fluid and electrolyte and acid base balance
results. The serum Ca decreases as the kidneys fail to excrete
phosphate, potassium and hydrogen ions are retained.
53.
Treatment with hemodialysis is ordered for a client and an external
shunt is created. Which nursing action would be of highest priority with
regard to the external shunt?
A. Heparinize it daily.
B. Avoid taking blood pressure measurements or blood samples from the affected arm.
C. Change the Silastic tube daily.
D. Instruct the client not to use the affected arm.
Answer: (B) Avoid taking blood pressure measurements or blood samples from the affected arm.
In
the client with an external shunt, don’t use the arm with the vascular
access site to take blood pressure readings, draw blood, insert IV
lines, or give injections because these procedures may rupture the shunt
or occlude blood flow causing damage and obstructions in the shunt.
54.
Romeo Diaz, age 78, is admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). He is scheduled for a transurethral
resection of the prostate (TURP). It would be inappropriate to include
which of the following points in the preoperative teaching?
A. TURP is the most common operation for BPH.
B. Explain the purpose and function of a two-way irrigation system.
C. Expect bloody urine, which will clear as healing takes place.
D. He will be pain free.
Answer: (D) He will be pain free.
Surgical
interventions involve an experience of pain for the client which can
come in varying degrees. Telling the pain that he will be pain free is
giving him false reassurance.
55.
Roxy is admitted to the hospital with a possible diagnosis of
appendicitis. On physical examination, the nurse should be looking for
tenderness on palpation at McBurney’s point, which is located in the
A. left lower quadrant
B. left upper quadrant
C. right lower quadrant
D. right upper quadrant
Answer: (C) right lower quadrant
To be exact, the appendix is anatomically located at the Mc Burney’s point at the right iliac area of the right lower quadrant.
56. Mr. Valdez has undergone surgical repair of his inguinal hernia. Discharge teaching should include
A. telling him to avoid heavy lifting for 4 to 6 weeks
B. instructing him to have a soft bland diet for two weeks
C. telling him to resume his previous daily activities without limitations
D. recommending him to drink eight glasses of water daily
Answer: (A) telling him to avoid heavy lifting for 4 to 6 weeks
The
client should avoid lifting heavy objects and any strenuous activity
for 4-6 weeks after surgery to prevent stress on the inguinal area.
There is no special diet required. The fluid intake of eight glasses a
day is good advice but is not a priority in this case.
57.
A 30-year-old homemaker fell asleep while smoking a cigarette. She
sustained severe burns of the face,neck, anterior chest, and both arms
and hands. Using the rule of nines, which is the best estimate of total
body-surface area burned?
A. 18%
B. 22%
C. 31%
D. 40%
Answer: (C) 31%
Using
the Rule of Nine in the estimation of total body surface burned, we
allot the following: 9% - head; 9% - each upper extremity; 18%- front
chest and abdomen; 18% - entire back; 18% - each lower extremity and 1% -
perineum.
58. Nursing care planning is based on the knowledge that the first 24-48 hours post-burn are characterized by:
A. An increase in the total volume of intracranial plasma
B. Excessive renal perfusion with diuresis
C. Fluid shift from interstitial space
D. Fluid shift from intravascular space to the interstitial space
Answer: (D) Fluid shift from intravascular space to the interstitial space
This
period is the burn shock stage or the hypovolemic phase. Tissue injury
causes vasodilation that results in increase capillary permeability
making fluids shift from the intravascular to the interstitial space.
This can lead to a decrease in circulating blood volume or hypovolemia
which decreases renal perfusion and urine output.
59. If a client has severe bums on the upper torso, which item would be a primary concern?
A. Debriding and covering the wounds
B. Administering antibiotics
C. Frequently observing for hoarseness, stridor, and dyspnea
D. Establishing a patent IV line for fluid replacement
Answer: (C) Frequently observing for hoarseness, stridor, and dyspnea
Burns
located in the upper torso, especially resulting from thermal injury
related to fires can lead to inhalation burns. This causes swelling of
the respiratory mucosa and blistering which can lead to airway
obstruction manifested by hoarseness, noisy and difficult breathing.
Maintaining a patent airway is a primary concern.
60.
Contractures are among the most serious long-term complications of
severe burns. If a burn is located on the upper torso, which nursing
measure would be least effective to help prevent contractures?
A. Changing the location of the bed or the TV set, or both, daily
B. Encouraging the client to chew gum and blow up balloons
C. Avoiding the use of a pillow for sleep, or placing the head in a position of hyperextension
D. Helping the client to rest in the position of maximal comfort
Answer: (D) Helping the client to rest in the position of maximal comfort
Mobility
and placing the burned areas in their functional position can help
prevent contracture deformities related to burns. Pain can immobilize a
client as he seeks the position where he finds less pain and provides
maximal comfort. But this approach can lead to contracture deformities
and other complications.
61. An adult is receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Which of the following assessment is essential?
A. evaluation of the peripheral IV site
B. confirmation that the tube is in the stomach
C. assess the bowel sound
D. fluid and electrolyte monitoring
Answer: (D) fluid and electrolyte monitoring
Total
parenteral nutrition is a method of providing nutrients to the body by
an IV route. The admixture is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, fats,
electrolytes, vitamins, trace minerals and sterile water based on
individual client needs. It is intended to improve the clients
nutritional status. Because of its composition, it is important to
monitor the clients fluid intake and output including electrolytes,
blood glucose and weight.
62. Which drug would be least effective in lowering a client's serum potassium level?
A. Glucose and insulin
B. Polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate)
C. Calcium glucomite
D. Aluminum hydroxide
Answer: (D) Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum
hydroxide binds dietary phosphorus in the GI tract and helps treat
hyperphosphatemia. All the other medications mentioned help treat
hyperkalemia and its effects.
63.
A nurse is directed to administer a hypotonic intravenous solution.
Looking at the following labeled solutions, she should choose
A. 0.45% NaCl
B. 0.9% NaCl
C. D5W
D. D5NSS
Answer: (A) 0.45% NaCl
Hypotonic
solutions like 0.45% NaCl has a lower tonicity that the blood; 0.9%
NaCl and D5W are isotonic solutions with same tonicity as the blood; and
D5NSS is hypertonic with a higher tonicity thab the blood.
64.
A patient is hemorrhaging from multiple trauma sites. The nurse expects
that compensatory mechanisms associated with hypovolemia would cause
all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
A. hypertension
B. oliguria
C. tachycardia
D. tachypnea
Answer: (A) hypertension
In
hypovolemia, one of the compenasatory mechanisms is activation of the
sympathetic nervous system that increases the RR & PR and helps
restore the BP to maintain tissue perfusion but not cause a
hypertension. The SNS stimulation constricts renal arterioles that
increases release of aldosterone, decreases glomerular filtration and
increases sodium & water reabsorption that leads to oliguria.
65.
Maria Sison, 40 years old, single, was admitted to the hospital with a
diagnosis of Breast Cancer. She was scheduled for radical mastectomy.
Nursing care during the preoperative period should consist of
A. assuring Maria that she will be cured of cancer
B. assessing Maria's expectations and doubts
C. maintaining a cheerful and optimistic environment
D. keeping Maria's visitors to a minimum so she can have time for herself
Answer: (B) assessing Maria's expectations and doubts
Assessing
the client’s expectations and doubts will help lessen her fears and
anxieties. The nurse needs to encourage the client to verbalize and to
listen and correctly provide explanations when needed.
66.
Maria refuses to acknowledge that her breast was removed. She believes
that her breast is intact under the dressing. The nurse should
A. call the MD to change the dressing so Kathy can see the incision
B. recognize that Kathy is experiencing denial, a normal stage of the grieving process
C. reinforce Kathy’s belief for several days until her body can adjust to stress of surgery.
D. remind Kathy that she needs to accept her diagnosis so that she can begin rehabilitation exercises.
Answer: (B) recognize that Kathy is experiencing denial, a normal stage of the grieving process
A
person grieves to a loss of a significant object. The initial stage in
the grieving process is denial, then anger, followed by bargaining,
depression and last acceptance. The nurse should show acceptance of the
patient’s feelings and encourage verbalization.
67.
A chemotherapeutic agent 5FU is ordered as an adjunct measure to
surgery. Which of the ff. statements about chemotherapy is true?
A. it is a local treatment affecting only tumor cells
B. it affects both normal and tumor cells
C. it has been proven as a complete cure for cancer
D. it is often used as a palliative measure.
Answer: (B) it affects both normal and tumor cells
Chemotherapeutic
agents are given to destroy the actively proliferating cancer cells.
But these agents cannot differentiate the abnormal actively
proliferating cancer cells from those that are actively proliferating
normal cells like the cells of the bone marrow, thus the effect of bone
marrow depression.
68. Which is an incorrect statement pertaining to the following procedures for cancer diagnostics?
A. Biopsy is the removal of suspicious tissue and the only definitive method to diagnose cancer
B. Ultrasonography detects tissue density changes difficult to observe by X-ray via sound waves.
C. CT scanning uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to provide cross-sectional view of tumor
D. Endoscopy provides direct view of a body cavity to detect abnormality.
Answer: (C) CT scanning uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to provide cross-sectional view of tumor
CT scan uses narrow beam x-ray to provide cross-sectional view. MRI uses magnetic fields and radio frequencies to detect tumors.
69. A post-operative complication of mastectomy is lymphedema. This can be prevented by
A. ensuring patency of wound drainage tube
B. placing the arm on the affected side in a dependent position
C. restricting movement of the affected arm
D. frequently elevating the arm of the affected side above the level of the heart.
Answer: (D) frequently elevating the arm of the affected side above the level of the heart.
Elevating
the arm above the level of the heart promotes good venous return to the
heart and good lymphatic drainage thus preventing swelling.
70.
Which statement by the client indicates to the nurse that the patient
understands precautions necessary during internal radiation therapy for
cancer of the cervix?
A. “I should get out of bed and walk around in my room.”
B. “My 7 year old twins should not come to visit me while I’m receiving treatment.”
C. “I will try not to cough, because the force might make me expel the application.”
D.
“I know that my primary nurse has to wear one of those badges like the
people in the x-ray department, but they are not necessary for anyone
else who comes in here.”
Answer: (B) “My 7 year old twins should not come to visit me while I’m receiving treatment.”
Children
have cells that are normally actively dividing in the process of
growth. Radiation acts not only against the abnormally actively dividing
cells of cancer but also on the normally dividing cells thus affecting
the growth and development of the child and even causing cancer itself.
71. High uric acid levels may develop in clients who are receiving chemotherapy. This is caused by:
A. The inability of the kidneys to excrete the drug metabolites
B. Rapid cell catabolism
C. Toxic effect of the antibiotic that are given concurrently
D. The altered blood ph from the acid medium of the drugs
Answer: (B) Rapid cell catabolism
One
of the oncologic emergencies, the tumor lysis syndrome, is caused by
the rapid destruction of large number of tumor cells. . Intracellular
contents are released, including potassium and purines, into the
bloodstream faster than the body can eliminate them. The purines are
converted in the liver to uric acid and released into the blood causing
hyperuricemia. They can precipitate in the kidneys and block the tubules
causing acute renal failure.
72. Which of the following interventions would be included in the care of plan in a client with cervical
implant?
A. Frequent ambulation
B. Unlimited visitors
C. Low residue diet
D. Vaginal irrigation every shift
Answer: (C) Low residue diet
It
is important for the nurse to remember that the implant be kept intact
in the cervix during therapy. Mobility and vaginal irrigations are not
done. A low residue diet will prevent bowel movement that could lead to
dislodgement of the implant. Patient is also strictly isolated to
protect other people from the radiation emissions
73. Which nursing measure would avoid constriction on the affected arm immediately after mastectomy?
A. Avoid BP measurement and constricting clothing on the affected arm
B. Active range of motion exercises of the arms once a day.
C. Discourage feeding, washing or combing with the affected arm
D. Place the affected arm in a dependent position, below the level of the heart
Answer: (A) Avoid BP measurement and constricting clothing on the affected arm
A
BP cuff constricts the blood vessels where it is applied. BP
measurements should be done on the unaffected arm to ensure adequate
circulation and venous and lymph drainage in the affected arm
74.
A client suffering from acute renal failure has an unexpected increase
in urinary output to 150ml/hr. The nurse assesses that the client has
entered the second phase of acute renal failure. Nursing actions
throughout this phase include observation for signs and symptoms of
A. Hypervolemia, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia.
B. Hypervolemia, hyperkalemia, and hypernatremia.
C. Hypovolemia, wide fluctuations in serum sodium and potassium levels.
D. Hypovolemia, no fluctuation in serum sodium and potassium levels.
Answer: (C) Hypovolemia, wide fluctuations in serum sodium and potassium levels.
The
second phase of ARF is the diuretic phase or high output phase. The
diuresis can result in an output of up to 10L/day of dilute urine. Loss
of fluids and electrolytes occur.
75.
An adult has just been brought in by ambulance after a motor vehicle
accident. When assessing the client, the nurse would expect which of the
following manifestations could have resulted from sympathetic nervous
system stimulation?
A. A rapid pulse and increased RR
B. Decreased physiologic functioning
C. Rigid posture and altered perceptual focus
D. Increased awareness and attention
Answer: (A) A rapid pulse and increased RR
The
fight or flight reaction of the sympathetic nervous system occurs
during stress like in a motor vehicular accident. This is manifested by
increased in cardiovascular function and RR to provide the immediate
needs of the body for survival.
76.
Ms. Sy undergoes surgery and the abdominal aortic aneurysm is resected
and replaced with a graft. When she arrives in the RR she is still in
shock. The nurse's priority should be
A. placing her in a trendeleburg position
B. putting several warm blankets on her
C. monitoring her hourly urine output
D. assessing her VS especially her RR
Answer: (D) assessing her VS especially her RR
Shock
is characterized by reduced tissue and organ perfusion and eventual
organ dysfunction and failure. Checking on the VS especially the RR,
which detects need for oxygenation, is a priority to help detect its
progress and provide for prompt management before the occurrence of
complications.
77.
A major goal for the client during the first 48 hours after a severe
bum is to prevent hypovolemic shock. The best indicator of adequate
fluid balance during this period is
A. Elevated hematocrit levels.
B. Urine output of 30 to 50 ml/hr.
C. Change in level of consciousness.
D. Estimate of fluid loss through the burn eschar.
Answer: (B) Urine output of 30 to 50 ml/hr.
Hypovolemia
is a decreased in circulatory volume. This causes a decrease in tissue
perfusion to the different organs of the body. Measuring the hourly
urine output is the most quantifiable way of measuring tissue perfusion
to the organs. Normal renal perfusion should produce 1ml/kg of BW/min.
An output of 30-50 ml/hr is considered adequate and indicates good fluid
balance.
78.
A thoracentesis is performed on a chest-injured client, and no fluid or
air is found. Blood and fluids is administered intravenously (IV), but
the client's vital signs do not improve. A central venous pressure line
is inserted, and the initial reading is 20 cm H^O. The most likely cause
of these findings is which of the following?
A. Spontaneous pneumothorax
B. Ruptured diaphragm
C. Hemothorax
D. Pericardial tamponade
Answer: (D) Pericardial tamponade
Pericardial
tamponade occurs when there is presence of fluid accumulation in the
pericardial space that compresses on the ventricles causing a decrease
in ventricular filling and stretching during diastole with a decrease in
cardiac output. . This leads to right atrial and venous congestion
manifested by a CVP reading above normal.
79. Intervention for a pt. who has swallowed a Muriatic Acid includes all of the following except
A. administering an irritant that will stimulate vomiting
B. aspirating secretions from the pharynx if respirations are affected
C. neutralizing the chemical
D. washing the esophagus with large volumes of water via gastric lavage
Answer: (A) administering an irritant that will stimulate vomiting
Swallowing
of corrosive substances causes severe irritation and tissue destruction
of the mucous membrane of the GI tract. Measures are taken to
immediately remove the toxin or reduce its absorption. For corrosive
poison ingestion, such as in muriatic acid where burn or perforation of
the mucosa may occur, gastric emptying procedure is immediately
instituted, This includes gastric lavage and the administration of
activated charcoal to absorb the poison. Administering an irritant with
the concomitant vomiting to remove the swallowed poison will further
cause irritation and damage to the mucosal lining of the digestive
tract. Vomiting is only indicated when non-corrosive poison is
swallowed.
80.
Which initial nursing assessment finding would best indicate that a
client has been successfully resuscitated after a cardio-respiratory
arrest?
A. Skin warm and dry
B. Pupils equal and react to light
C. Palpable carotid pulse
D. Positive Babinski's reflex
Answer: (C) Palpable carotid pulse
Presence
of a palpable carotid pulse indicates the return of cardiac function
which, together with the return of breathing, is the primary goal of
CPR. Pulsations in arteries indicates blood flowing in the blood vessels
with each cardiac contraction. Signs of effective tissue perfusion will
be noted after.
81. Chemical burn of the eye are treated with
A. local anesthetics and antibacterial drops for 24 – 36 hrs.
B. hot compresses applied at 15-minute intervals
C. Flushing of the lids, conjunctiva and cornea with tap or preferably sterile water
D. cleansing the conjunctiva with a small cotton-tipped applicator
Answer: (C) Flushing of the lids, conjunctiva and cornea with tap or preferably sterile water
Prompt
treatment of ocular chemical burns is important to prevent further
damage. Immediate tap-water eye irrigation should be started on site
even before transporting the patient to the nearest hospital facility.
In the hospital, copious irrigation with normal saline, instillation of
local anesthetic and antibiotic is done.
82. The Heimlich maneuver (abdominal thrust), for acute airway obstruction, attempts to:
A. Force air out of the lungs
B. Increase systemic circulation
C. Induce emptying of the stomach
D. Put pressure on the apex of the heart
Answer: (A) Force air out of the lungs
The
Heimlich maneuver is used to assist a person choking on a foreign
object. The pressure from the thrusts lifts the diaphragm, forces air
out of the lungs and creates an artificial cough that expels the
aspirated material.
83.
John, 16 years old, is brought to the ER after a vehicular accident. He
is pronounced dead on arrival. When his parents arrive at the hospital,
the nurse should:
A. ask them to stay in the waiting area until she can spend time alone with them
B. speak to both parents together and encourage them to support each other and express their emotions freely
C. Speak to one parent at a time so that each can ventilate feelings of loss without upsetting the other
D. ask the MD to medicate the parents so they can stay calm to deal with their son’s death.
Answer: (B) speak to both parents together and encourage them to support each other and express their emotions freely
Sudden
death of a family member creates a state of shock on the family. They
go into a stage of denial and anger in their grieving. Assisting them
with information they need to know, answering their questions and
listening to them will provide the needed support for them to move on
and be of support to one another.
84. An emergency treatment for an acute asthmatic attack is Adrenaline 1:1000 given hypodermically. This is given to:
A. increase BP
B. decrease mucosal swelling
C. relax the bronchial smooth muscle
D. decrease bronchial secretions
Answer: (C) relax the bronchial smooth muscle
Acute
asthmatic attack is characterized by severe bronchospasm which can be
relieved by the immediate administration of bronchodilators. Adrenaline
or Epinephrine is an adrenergic agent that causes bronchial dilation by
relaxing the bronchial smooth muscles.
85.
A nurse is performing CPR on an adult patient. When performing chest
compressions, the nurse understands the correct hand placement is
located over the
A. upper half of the sternum
B. upper third of the sternum
C. lower half of the sternum
D. lower third of the sternum
Answer: (C) lower half of the sternum
The
exact and safe location to do cardiac compression is the lower half of
the sternum. Doing it at the lower third of the sternum may cause
gastric compression which can lead to a possible aspiration.
86.
The nurse is performing an eye examination on an elderly client. The
client states ‘My vision is blurred, and I don’t easily see clearly when
I get into a dark room.” The nurse best response is:
A. “You should be grateful you are not blind.”
B. “As one ages, visual changes are noted as part of degenerative changes. This is normal.”
C. “You should rest your eyes frequently.”
D. “You maybe able to improve you vision if you move slowly.”
Answer: (B) “As one ages, visual changes are noted as part of degenerative changes. This is normal.”
Aging
causes less elasticity of the lens affecting accommodation leading to
blurred vision. The muscles of the iris increase in stiffness and the
pupils dilate slowly and less completely so that it takes the older
person to adjust when going to and from light and dark environment and
needs brighter light for close vision.
87. Which of the following activities is not encouraged in a patient after an eye surgery?
A. sneezing, coughing and blowing the nose
B. straining to have a bowel movement
C. wearing tight shirt collars
D. sexual intercourse
Answer: (D) sexual intercourse
To
reduce increases in IOP, teach the client and family about activity
restrictions. Sexual intercourse can cause a sudden rise in IOP.
88. Which of the following indicates poor practice in communicating with a hearing-impaired client?
A. Use appropriate hand motions
B. Keep hands and other objects away from your mouth when talking to the client
C. Speak clearly in a loud voice or shout to be heard
D. Converse in a quiet room with minimal distractions
Answer: (C) Speak clearly in a loud voice or shout to be heard
Shouting
raises the frequency of the sound and often makes understanding the
spoken words difficult. It is enough for the nurse to speak clearly and
slowly.
89. A client is to undergo lumbar puncture. Which is least important information about LP?
A. Specimens obtained should be labeled in their proper sequence.
B. It may be used to inject air, dye or drugs into the spinal canal.
C. Assess movements and sensation in the lower extremities after the
D. Force fluids before and after the procedure.
Answer: (D) Force fluids before and after the procedure.
LP
involves the removal of some amount of spinal fluid. To facilitate CSF
production, the client is instructed to increase fluid intake to 3L,
unless contraindicated, for 24 to 48 hrs after the procedure.
90.
A client diagnosed with cerebral thrombosis is scheduled for cerebral
angiography. Nursing care of the client includes the following EXCEPT
A. Inform the client that a warm, flushed feeling and a salty taste may be
B. Maintain pressure dressing over the site of puncture and check for
C. Check pulse, color and temperature of the extremity distal to the site of
D. Kept the extremity used as puncture site flexed to prevent bleeding.
Answer: (D) Kept the extremity used as puncture site flexed to prevent bleeding.
Angiography
involves the threading of a catheter through an artery which can cause
trauma to the endothelial lining of the blood vessel. The platelets are
attracted to the area causing thrombi formation. This is further
enhanced by the slowing of blood flow caused by flexion of the affected
extremity. The affected extremity must be kept straight and immobilized
during the duration of the bedrest after the procedure. Ice bag can be
applied intermittently to the puncture site.
91. Which is considered as the earliest sign of increased ICP that the nurse should closely observed for?
A. abnormal respiratory pattern
B. rising systolic and widening pulse pressure
C. contralateral hemiparesis and ipsilateral dilation of the pupils
D. progression from restlessness to confusion and disorientation to lethargy
Answer: (D) progression from restlessness to confusion and disorientation to lethargy
The
first major effect of increasing ICP is a decrease in cerebral
perfusion causing hypoxia that produces a progressive alteration in the
LOC. This is initially manifested by restlessness.
92. Which is irrelevant in the pharmacologic management of a client with CVA?
A. Osmotic diuretics and corticosteroids are given to decrease cerebral edema
B. Anticonvulsants are given to prevent seizures
C. Thrombolytics are most useful within three hours of an occlusive CVA
D. Aspirin is used in the acute management of a completed stroke.
Answer: (D) Aspirin is used in the acute management of a completed stroke.
The
primary goal in the management of CVA is to improve cerebral tissue
perfusion. Aspirin is a platelet deaggregator used in the prevention of
recurrent or embolic stroke but is not used in the acute management of a
completed stroke as it may lead to bleeding.
93. What would be the MOST therapeutic nursing action when a client’s expressive aphasia is severe?
A. Anticipate the client wishes so she will not need to talk
B. Communicate by means of questions that can be answered by the client shaking the head
C. Keep us a steady flow rank to minimize silence
D. Encourage the client to speak at every possible opportunity.
Answer: (D) Encourage the client to speak at every possible opportunity.
Expressive
or motor aphasia is a result of damage in the Broca’s area of the
frontal lobe. It is amotor speech problem in which the client generally
understands what is said but is unable to communicate verbally. The
patient can best he helped therefore by encouraging him to communicate
and reinforce this behavior positively.
94.
A client with head injury is confused, drowsy and has unequal pupils.
Which of the following nursing diagnosis is most important at this time?
A. altered level of cognitive function
B. high risk for injury
C. altered cerebral tissue perfusion
D. sensory perceptual alteration
Answer: (C) altered cerebral tissue perfusion
The
observations made by the nurse clearly indicate a problem of decrease
cerebral perfusion. Restoring cerebral perfusion is most important to
maintain cerebral functioning and prevent further brain damage.
95. Which nursing diagnosis is of the highest priority when caring for a client with myasthenia gravis?
A. Pain
B. High risk for injury related to muscle weakness
C. Ineffective coping related to illness
D. Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle weakness
Answer: (D) Ineffective airway clearance related to muscle weakness
Myasthenia
gravis causes a failure in the transmission of nerve impulses at the
neuromuscular junction which may be due to a weakening or decrease in
acetylcholine receptor sites. This leads to sporadic, progressive
weakness or abnormal fatigability of striated muscles that eventually
causes loss of function. The respiratory muscles can become weak with
decreased tidal volume and vital capacity making breathing and clearing
the airway through coughing difficult. The respiratory muscle weakness
may be severe enough to require and emergency airway and mechanical
ventilation.
96.
The client has clear drainage from the nose and ears after a head
injury. How can the nurse determine if the drainage is CSF?
A. Measure the ph of the fluid
B. Measure the specific gravity of the fluid
C. Test for glucose
D. Test for chlorides
Answer: (C) Test for glucose
The
CSF contains a large amount of glucose which can be detected by using
glucostix. A positive result with the drainage indicate CSF leakage.
97.
The nurse includes the important measures for stump care in the
teaching plan for a client with an amputation. Which measure would be
excluded from the teaching plan?
A. Wash, dry, and inspect the stump daily.
B. Treat superficial abrasions and blisters promptly.
C. Apply a "shrinker" bandage with tighter arms around the proximal end of the affected limb.
D. Toughen the stump by pushing it against a progressively harder substance (e.g., pillow on a foot-stool).
Answer: (C) Apply a "shrinker" bandage with tighter arms around the proximal end of the affected limb.
The
“shrinker” bandage is applied to prevent swelling of the stump. It
should be applied with the distal end with the tighter arms. Applying
the tighter arms at the proximal end will impair circulation and cause
swelling by reducing venous flow.
98.
A 70-year-old female comes to the clinic for a routine checkup. She is 5
feet 4 inches tall and weighs 180 pounds. Her major complaint is pain
in her joints. She is retired and has had to give up her volunteer work
because of her discomfort. She was told her diagnosis was osteoarthritis
about 5 years ago. Which would be excluded from the clinical pathway
for this client?
A. Decrease the calorie count of her daily diet.
B. Take warm baths when arising.
C. Slide items across the floor rather than lift them.
D. Place items so that it is necessary to bend or stretch to reach them.
Answer: (D) Place items so that it is necessary to bend or stretch to reach them.
Patients
with osteoarthritis have decreased mobility caused by joint pain.
Over-reaching and stretching to get an object are to be avoided as this
can cause more pain and can even lead to falls. The nurse should see to
it therefore that objects are within easy reach of the patient.
99.
A client is admitted from the emergency department with severe-pain and
edema in the right foot. His diagnosis is gouty arthritis. When
developing a plan of care, which action would have the highest priority?
A. Apply hot compresses to the affected joints.
B. Stress the importance of maintaining good posture to prevent deformities.
C. Administer salicylates to minimize the inflammatory reaction.
D. Ensure an intake of at least 3000 ml of fluid per day.
Answer: (D) Ensure an intake of at least 3000 ml of fluid per day.
Gouty
arthritis is a metabolic disease marked by urate deposits that cause
painful arthritic joints. The patient should be urged to increase his
fluid intake to prevent the development of urinary uric acid stones.
100. A client had a laminectomy and spinal fusion yesterday. Which statement is to be excluded from your plan of care?
A. Before log rolling, place a pillow under the client's head and a pillow between the client's legs.
B. Before log rolling, remove the pillow from under the client's head and use no pillows between the client's legs.
C. Keep the knees slightly flexed while the client is lying in a semi-Fowler's position in bed.
D. Keep a pillow under the client's head as needed for comfort.
Answer: (B) Before log rolling, remove the pillow from under the client's head and use no pillows between the client's legs.
Following
a laminectomy and spinal fusion, it is important that the back of the
patient be maintained in straight alignment and to support the entire
vertebral column to promote complete healing.
101.
The nurse is assisting in planning care for a client with a diagnosis
of immune deficiency. The nurse would incorporate which of the ff. as a
priority in the plan of care?
A. providing emotional support to decrease fear
B. protecting the client from infection
C. encouraging discussion about lifestyle changes
D. identifying factors that decreased the immune function
Answer: (B) protecting the client from infection
Immunodeficiency
is an absent or depressed immune response that increases susceptibility
to infection. So it is the nurse’s primary responsibility to protect
the patient from infection.
102.
Joy, an obese 32 year old, is admitted to the hospital after an
automobile accident. She has a fractured hip and is brought to the OR
for surgery.
After
surgery Joy is to receive a piggy-back of Clindamycin phosphate
(Cleocin) 300 mg in 50 ml of D5W. The piggyback is to infuse in 20
minutes. The drop factor of the IV set is 10 gtt/ml. The nurse should
set the piggyback to flow at:
A. 25 gtt/min
B. 30 gtt/min
C. 35 gtt/min
D. 45 gtt/min
Answer: (A) 25 gtt/min
To
get the correct flow rate: multiply the amount to be infused (50 ml) by
the drop factor (10) and divide the result by the amount of time in
minutes (20)
103.
The day after her surgery Joy asks the nurse how she might lose weight.
Before answering her question, the nurse should bear in mind that
long-term weight loss best occurs when:
A. Fats are controlled in the diet
B. Eating habits are altered
C. Carbohydrates are regulated
D. Exercise is part of the program
Answer: (B) Eating habits are altered
For
weight reduction to occur and be maintained, a new dietary program,
with a balance of foods from the basic four food groups, must be
established and continued
104.
The nurse teaches Joy, an obese client, the value of aerobic exercises
in her weight reduction program. The nurse would know that this teaching
was effective when Joy says that exercise will:
A. Increase her lean body mass
B. Lower her metabolic rate
C. Decrease her appetite
D. Raise her heart rate
Answer: (A) Increase her lean body mass
Increased exercise builds skeletal muscle mass and reduces excess fatty tissue.
105.
The physician orders non-weight bearing with crutches for Joy, who had
surgery for a fractured hip. The most important activity to facilitate
walking with crutches before ambulation begun is:
A. Exercising the triceps, finger flexors, and elbow extensors
B. Sitting up at the edge of the bed to help strengthen back muscles
C. Doing isometric exercises on the unaffected leg
D. Using the trapeze frequently for pull-ups to strengthen the biceps muscles
Answer: (A) Exercising the triceps, finger flexors, and elbow extensors
These sets of muscles are used when walking with crutches and therefore need strengthening prior to ambulation.
106. The nurse recognizes that a client understood the demonstration of crutch walking when she places her weight on:
A. The palms and axillary regions
B. Both feet placed wide apart
C. The palms of her hands
D. Her axillary regions
Answer: (C) The palms of her hands
The palms should bear the client’s weight to avoid damage to the nerves in the axilla (brachial plexus)
107.
Joey is a 46 year-old radio technician who is admitted because of mild
chest pain. He is 5 feet, 8 inches tall and weighs 190 pounds. He is
diagnosed with a myocardial infarct. Morphine sulfate, Diazepam (Valium)
and Lidocaine are prescribed.
The
physician orders 8 mg of Morphine Sulfate to be given IV. The vial on
hand is labeled 1 ml/ 10 mg. The nurse should administer:
A. 8 minims
B. 10 minims
C. 12 minims
D. 15 minims
Answer: (C) 12 minims
Using
ratio and proportion 8 mg/10 mg = X minims/15 minims 10 X= 120 X = 12
minims The nurse will administer 12 minims intravenously equivalent to
8mg Morphine Sulfate
108.
Joey asks the nurse why he is receiving the injection of Morphine after
he was hospitalized for severe anginal pain. The nurse replies that it:
A. Will help prevent erratic heart beats
B. Relieves pain and decreases level of anxiety
C. Decreases anxiety
D. Dilates coronary blood vessels
Answer: (B) Relieves pain and decreases level of anxiety
Morphine
is a specific central nervous system depressant used to relieve the
pain associated with myocardial infarction. It also decreases anxiety
and apprehension and prevents cardiogenic shock by decreasing myocardial
oxygen demand.
109.
Oxygen 3L/min by nasal cannula is prescribed for Joey who is admitted
to the hospital for chest pain. The nurse institutes safety precautions
in the room because oxygen:
A. Converts to an alternate form of matter
B. Has unstable properties
C. Supports combustion
D. Is flammable
Answer: (C) Supports combustion
The nurse should know that Oxygen is necessary to produce fire, thus precautionary measures are important regarding its use.
110.
Myra is ordered laboratory tests after she is admitted to the hospital
for angina. The isoenzyme test that is the most reliable early indicator
of myocardial insult is:
A. SGPT
B. LDH
C. CK-MB
D. AST
Answer: (C) CK-MB
The
cardiac marker, Creatinine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme levels,
especially the MB sub-unit which is cardio-specific, begin to rise in
3-6 hours, peak in 12-18 hours and are elevated 48 hours after the
occurrence of the infarct. They are therefore most reliable in assisting
with early diagnosis. The cardiac markers elevate as a result of
myocardial tissue damage.
111. An early finding in the EKG of a client with an infarcted mycardium would be:
A. Disappearance of Q waves
B. Elevated ST segments
C. Absence of P wave
D. Flattened T waves
Answer: (B) Elevated ST segments
This
is a typical early finding after a myocardial infarct because of the
altered contractility of the heart. The other choices are not typical of
MI.
112.
Jose, who had a myocardial infarction 2 days earlier, has been
complaining to the nurse about issues related to his hospital stay. The
best initial nursing response would be to:
A. Allow him to release his feelings and then leave him alone to allow him to regain his composure
B. Refocus the conversation on his fears, frustrations and anger about his condition
C. Explain how his being upset dangerously disturbs his need for rest
D. Attempt to explain the purpose of different hospital routines
Answer: (B) Refocus the conversation on his fears, frustrations and anger about his condition
This
provides the opportunity for the client to verbalize feelings
underlying behavior and helpful in relieving anxiety. Anxiety can be a
stressor which can activate the sympathoadrenal response causing the
release of catecholamines that can increase cardiac contractility and
workload that can further increase myocardial oxygen demand.
113.
Twenty four hours after admission for an Acute MI, Jose’s temperature
is noted at 39.3 C. The nurse monitors him for other adaptations related
to the pyrexia, including:
A. Shortness of breath
B. Chest pain
C. Elevated blood pressure
D. Increased pulse rate
Answer: (D) Increased pulse rate
Fever
causes an increase in the body’s metabolism, which results in an
increase in oxygen consumption and demand. This need for oxygen
increases the heart rate, which is reflected in the increased pulse
rate. Increased BP, chest pain and shortness of breath are not typically
noted in fever.
114.
Jose, who is admitted to the hospital for chest pain, asks the nurse,
“Is it still possible for me to have another heart attack if I watch my
diet religiously and avoid stress?” The most appropriate initial
response would be for the nurse to:
A. Suggest he discuss his feelings of vulnerability with his physician.
B. Tell him that he certainly needs to be especially careful about his diet and lifestyle.
C. Avoid giving him direct information and help him explore his feelings
D. Recognize that he is frightened and suggest he talk with the psychiatrist or counselor.
Answer: (C) Avoid giving him direct information and help him explore his feelings
To
help the patient verbalize and explore his feelings, the nurse must
reflect and analyze the feelings that are implied in the client’s
question. The focus should be on collecting data to minister to the
client’s psychosocial needs.
115.
Ana, 55 years old, is admitted to the hospital to rule out pernicious
anemia. A Schilling test is ordered for Ana. The nurse recognizes that
the primary purpose of the Schilling test is to determine the client’s
ability to:
A. Store vitamin B12
B. Digest vitamin B12
C. Absorb vitamin B12
D. Produce vitamin B12
Answer: (C) Absorb vitamin B12
Pernicious
anemia is caused by the inability to absorb vitamin B12 in the stomach
due to a lack of intrinsic factor in the gastric juices. In the
Schilling test, radioactive vitamin B12 is administered and its
absorption and excretion can be ascertained through the urine.
116.
Ana is diagnosed to have Pernicious anemia. The physician orders 0.2 mg
of Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) IM. Available is a vial of the drug
labeled 1 ml= 100 mcg. The nurse should administer:
A. 0.5 ml
B. 1.0 ml
C. 1.5 ml
D. 2.0 ml
Answer: (D) 2.0 ml
First
convert milligrams to micrograms and then use ratio and proportion (0.2
mg= 200 mcg) 200 mcg : 100 mcg= X ml : ml 100 X= 200 X = 2 ml. Inject 2
ml. to give 0.2 mg of Cyanocobalamin.
117.
Health teachings to be given to a client with Pernicious Anemia
regarding her therapeutic regimen concerning Vit. B12 will include:
A. Oral tablets of Vitamin B12 will control her symptoms
B. IM injections are required for daily control
C. IM injections once a month will maintain control
D. Weekly Z-track injections provide needed control
Answer: (C) IM injections once a month will maintain control
Deep
IM injections bypass B12 absorption defect in the stomach due to lack
of intrinsic factor, the transport carrier component of gastric juices. A
monthly dose is usually sufficient since it is stored in active body
tissues such as the liver, kidney, heart, muscles, blood and bone marrow
118.
The nurse knows that a client with Pernicious Anemia understands the
teaching regarding the vitamin B12 injections when she states that she
must take it:
A. When she feels fatigued
B. During exacerbations of anemia
C. Until her symptoms subside
D. For the rest of her life
Answer: (D) For the rest of her life
Since
the intrinsic factor does not return to gastric secretions even with
therapy, B12 injections will be required for the remainder of the
client’s life.
119.
Arthur Cruz, a 45 year old artist, has recently had an abdominoperineal
resection and colostomy. Mr. Cruz accuses the nurse of being
uncomfortable during a dressing change, because his “wound looks
terrible.” The nurse recognizes that the client is using the defense
mechanism known as:
A. Reaction Formation
B. Sublimation
C. Intellectualization
D. Projection
Answer: (D) Projection
Projection
is the attribution of unacceptable feelings and emotions to others
which may indicate the patients nonacceptance of his condition.
120.
When preparing to teach a client with colostomy how to irrigate his
colostomy, the nurse should plan to perform the procedure:
A. When the client would have normally had a bowel movement
B. After the client accepts he had a bowel movement
C. Before breakfast and morning care
D. At least 2 hours before visitors arrive
Answer: (A) When the client would have normally had a bowel movement
Irrigation
should be performed at the time the client normally defecated before
the colostomy to maintain continuity in lifestyle and usual bowel
function/habit.
121.
When observing an ostomate do a return demonstration of the colostomy
irrigation, the nurse notes that he needs more teaching if he:
A. Stops the flow of fluid when he feels uncomfortable
B. Lubricates the tip of the catheter before inserting it into the stoma
C. Hangs the bag on a clothes hook on the bathroom door during fluid insertion
D. Discontinues the insertion of fluid after only 500 ml of fluid has been instilled
Answer: (C) Hangs the bag on a clothes hook on the bathroom door during fluid insertion
The
irrigation bag should be hung 12-18 inches above the level of the
stoma; a clothes hook is too high which can create increase pressure and
sudden intestinal distention and cause abdominal discomfort to the
patient.
122. When doing colostomy irrigation at home, a client with colostomy should be instructed to report to his physician :
A. Abdominal cramps during fluid inflow
B. Difficulty in inserting the irrigating tube
C. Passage of flatus during expulsion of feces
D. Inability to complete the procedure in half an hour
Answer: (B) Difficulty in inserting the irrigating tube
Difficulty
of inserting the irrigating tube indicates stenosis of the stoma and
should be reported to the physician. Abdominal cramps and passage of
flatus can be expected during colostomy irrigations. The procedure may
take longer than half an hour.
123.
A client with colostomy refuses to allow his wife to see the incision
or stoma and ignores most of his dietary instructions. The nurse on
assessing this data, can assume that the client is experiencing:
A. A reaction formation to his recent altered body image.
B. A difficult time accepting reality and is in a state of denial.
C. Impotency due to the surgery and needs sexual counseling
D. Suicide thoughts and should be seen by psychiatrist
Answer: (B) A difficult time accepting reality and is in a state of denial.
As
long as no one else confirms the presence of the stoma and the client
does not need to adhere to a prescribed regimen, the client’s denial is
supported
124. The nurse would know that dietary teaching had been effective for a client with colostomy when he states that he will eat:
A. Food low in fiber so that there is less stool
B. Everything he ate before the operation but will avoid those foods that cause gas
C. Bland foods so that his intestines do not become irritated
D. Soft foods that are more easily digested and absorbed by the large intestines
Answer: (B) Everything he ate before the operation but will avoid those foods that cause gas
There
is no special diets for clients with colostomy. These clients can eat a
regular diet. Only gas-forming foods that cause distention and
discomfort should be avoided.
125.
Eddie, 40 years old, is brought to the emergency room after the crash
of his private plane. He has suffered multiple crushing wounds of the
chest, abdomen and legs. It is feared his leg may have to be amputated.
When Eddie arrives in the emergency room, the assessment that assume the greatest priority are:
A. Level of consciousness and pupil size
B. Abdominal contusions and other wounds
C. Pain, Respiratory rate and blood pressure
D. Quality of respirations and presence of pulsesQuality of respirations and presence of pulses
Answer: (D) Quality of respirations and presence of pulsesQuality of respirations and presence of pulses
Respiratory
and cardiovascular functions are essential for oxygenation. These are
top priorities to trauma management. Basic life functions must be
maintained or reestablished
126.
Eddie, a plane crash victim, undergoes endotracheal intubation and
positive pressure ventilation. The most immediate nursing intervention
for him at this time would be to:
A. Facilitate his verbal communication
B. Maintain sterility of the ventilation system
C. Assess his response to the equipment
D. Prepare him for emergency surgery
Answer: (C) Assess his response to the equipment
It
is a primary nursing responsibility to evaluate effect of interventions
done to the client. Nothing is achieved if the equipment is working and
the client is not responding
127.
A chest tube with water seal drainage is inserted to a client following
a multiple chest injury. A few hours later, the client’s chest tube
seems to be obstructed. The most appropriate nursing action would be to
A. Prepare for chest tube removal
B. Milk the tube toward the collection container as ordered
C. Arrange for a stat Chest x-ray film.
D. Clam the tube immediately
Answer: (B) Milk the tube toward the collection container as ordered
This assists in moving blood, fluid or air, which may be obstructing drainage, toward the collection chamber
128. The observation that indicates a desired response to thoracostomy drainage of a client with chest injury is:
A. Increased breath sounds
B. Constant bubbling in the drainage chamber
C. Crepitus detected on palpation of chest
D. Increased respiratory rate
Answer: (A) Increased breath sounds
The
chest tube normalizes intrathoracic pressure and restores negative
intra-pleural pressure, drains fluid and air from the pleural space, and
improves pulmonary function
129.
In the evaluation of a client’s response to fluid replacement therapy,
the observation that indicates adequate tissue perfusion to vital organs
is:
A. Urinary output is 30 ml in an hour
B. Central venous pressure reading of 2 cm H2O
C. Pulse rates of 120 and 110 in a 15 minute period
D. Blood pressure readings of 50/30 and 70/40 within 30 minutes
Answer: (A) Urinary output is 30 ml in an hour
A rate of 30 ml/hr is considered adequate for perfusion of kidney, heart and brain.
130.
A client with multiple injury following a vehicular accident is
transferred to the critical care unit. He begins to complain of
increased abdominal pain in the left upper quadrant. A ruptured spleen
is diagnosed and he is scheduled for emergency splenectomy. In preparing
the client for surgery, the nurse should emphasize in his teaching plan
the:
A. Complete safety of the procedure
B. Expectation of postoperative bleeding
C. Risk of the procedure with his other injuries
D. Presence of abdominal drains for several days after surgery
Answer: (D) Presence of abdominal drains for several days after surgery
Drains
are usually inserted into the splenic bed to facilitate removal of
fluid in the area that could lead to abscess formation.
131.
To promote continued improvement in the respiratory status of a client
following chest tube removal after a chest surgery for multiple rib
fracture, the nurse should:
A. Encourage bed rest with active and passive range of motion exercises
B. Encourage frequent coughing and deep breathing
C. Turn him from side to side at least every 2 hours
D. Continue observing for dyspnea and crepitus
Answer: (B) Encourage frequent coughing and deep breathing
This
nursing action prevents atelectasis and collection of respiratory
secretions and promotes adequate ventilation and gas exchange.
132.
A client undergoes below the knee amputation following a vehicular
accident. Three days postoperatively, the client is refusing to eat,
talk or perform any rehabilitative activities. The best initial nursing
approach would be to:
A. Give him explanations of why there is a need to quickly increase his activity
B. Emphasize repeatedly that with as prosthesis, he will be able to return to his normal lifestyle
C. Appear cheerful and non-critical regardless of his response to attempts at intervention
D. Accept and acknowledge that his withdrawal is an initially normal and necessary part of grieving
Answer: (D) Accept and acknowledge that his withdrawal is an initially normal and necessary part of grieving
The
withdrawal provides time for the client to assimilate what has occurred
and integrate the change in the body image. Acceptance of the client’s
behavior is an important factor in the nurse’s intervention.
133. The key factor in accurately assessing how body image changes will be dealt with by the client is the:
A. Extent of body change present
B. Suddenness of the change
C. Obviousness of the change
D. Client’s perception of the change
Answer: (D) Client’s perception of the change
It
is not reality, but the client’s feeling about the change that is the
most important determinant of the ability to cope. The client should be
encouraged to his feelings.
134.
Larry is diagnosed as having myelocytic leukemia and is admitted to the
hospital for chemotherapy. Larry discusses his recent diagnosis of
leukemia by referring to statistical facts and figures. The nurse
recognizes that Larry is using the defense mechanism known as:
A. Reaction formation
B. Sublimation
C. Intellectualization
D. Projection
Answer: (C) Intellectualization
People
use defense mechanisms to cope with stressful events.
Intellectualization is the use of reasoning and thought processes to
avoid the emotional upsets.
135.
The laboratory results of the client with leukemia indicate bone marrow
depression. The nurse should encourage the client to:
A. Increase his activity level and ambulate frequently
B. Sleep with the head of his bed slightly elevated
C. Drink citrus juices frequently for nourishment
D. Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor
Answer: (D) Use a soft toothbrush and electric razor
Suppression
of red bone marrow increases bleeding susceptibility associated with
thrombocytopenia, decreased platelets. Anemia and leucopenia are the two
other problems noted with bone marrow depression.
136.
Dennis receives a blood transfusion and develops flank pain, chills,
fever and hematuria. The nurse recognizes that Dennis is probably
experiencing:
A. An anaphylactic transfusion reaction
B. An allergic transfusion reaction
C. A hemolytic transfusion reaction
D. A pyrogenic transfusion reaction
Answer: (C) A hemolytic transfusion reaction
This
results from a recipient’s antibodies that are incompatible with
transfused RBC’s; also called type II hypersensitivity; these signs
result from RBC hemolysis, agglutination, and capillary plugging that
can damage renal function, thus the flank pain and hematuria and the
other manifestations.
137.
A client jokes about his leukemia even though he is becoming sicker and
weaker. The nurse’s most therapeutic response would be:
A. “Your laugher is a cover for your fear.”
B. “He who laughs on the outside, cries on the inside.”
C. “Why are you always laughing?”
D. “Does it help you to joke about your illness?”
Answer: (D) “Does it help you to joke about your illness?”
This non-judgmentally on the part of the nurse points out the client’s behavior.
138. In dealing with a dying client who is in the denial stage of grief, the best nursing approach is to:
A. Agree with and encourage the client’s denial
B. Reassure the client that everything will be okay
C. Allow the denial but be available to discuss death
D. Leave the client alone to discuss the loss
Answer: (C) Allow the denial but be available to discuss death
This
does not take away the client’s only way of coping, and it permits
future movement through the grieving process when the client is ready.
Dying clients move through the different stages of grieving and the
nurse must be ready to intervene in all these stages.
139.
During and 8 hour shift, Mario drinks two 6 oz. cups of tea and vomits
125 ml of fluid. During this 8 hour period, his fluid balance would be:
A. +55 ml
B. +137 ml
C. +235 ml
D. +485 ml
Answer: (C) +235 ml
The client’s intake was 360 ml (6oz x 30 ml) and loss was 125 ml of fluid; loss is subtracted from intake
140.
Mr. Ong is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of Left-sided CHF.
In the assessment, the nurse should expect to find:
A. Crushing chest pain
B. Dyspnea on exertion
C. Extensive peripheral edema
D. Jugular vein distention
Answer: (B) Dyspnea on exertion
Pulmonary
congestion and edema occur because of fluid extravasation from the
pulmonary capillary bed, resulting in difficult breathing. Left-sided
heart failure creates a backward effect on the pulmonary system that
leads to pulmonary congestion.
141.
The physician orders on a client with CHF a cardiac glycoside, a
vasodilator, and furosemide (Lasix). The nurse understands Lasix exerts
is effects in the:
A. Distal tubule
B. Collecting duct
C. Glomerulus of the nephron
D. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Answer: (D) Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
This is the site of action of Lasix being a potent loop diuretic.
142.
Mr. Ong weighs 210 lbs on admission to the hospital. After 2 days of
diuretic therapy he weighs 205.5 lbs. The nurse could estimate that the
amount of fluid he has lost is:
A. 0.5 L
B. 1.0 L
C. 2.0 L
D. 3.5 L
Answer: (C) 2.0 L
One liter of fluid weighs approximately 2.2 lbs. Therefore a 4.5 lbs weight loss equals approximately 2 Liters.
143.
Mr. Ong, a client with CHF, has been receiving a cardiac glycoside, a
diuretic, and a vasodilator drug. His apical pulse rate is 44 and he is
on bed rest. The nurse concludes that his pulse rate is most likely the
result of the:
A. Diuretic
B. Vasodilator
C. Bed-rest regimen
D. Cardiac glycoside
Answer: (D) Cardiac glycoside
A
cardiac glycoside such as digitalis increases force of cardiac
contraction, decreases the conduction speed of impulses within the
myocardium and slows the heart rate.
144.
The diet ordered for a client with CHF permits him to have a 190 g of
carbohydrates, 90 g of fat and 100 g of protein. The nurse understands
that this diet contains approximately:
A. 2200 calories
B. 2000 calories
C. 2800 calories
D. 1600 calories
Answer: (B) 2000 calories
There are 9 calories in each gram of fat and 4 calories in each gram of carbohydrate and protein
145.
After the acute phase of congestive heart failure, the nurse should
expect the dietary management of the client to include the restriction
of:
A. Magnesium
B. Sodium
C. Potassium
D. Calcium
Answer: (B) Sodium
Restriction of sodium reduces the amount of water retention that reduces the cardiac workload
146.
Jude develops GI bleeding and is admitted to the hospital. An important
etiologic clue for the nurse to explore while taking his history would
be:
A. The medications he has been taking
B. Any recent foreign travel
C. His usual dietary pattern
D. His working patterns
Answer: (A) The medications he has been taking
Some medications, such as aspirin and prednisone, irritate the stomach lining and may cause bleeding with prolonged use
147. The meal pattern that would probably be most appropriate for a client recovering from GI bleeding is:
A. Three large meals large enough to supply adequate energy.
B. Regular meals and snacks to limit gastric discomfort
C. Limited food and fluid intake when he has pain
D. A flexible plan according to his appetite
Answer: (B) Regular meals and snacks to limit gastric discomfort
Presence
of food in the stomach at regular intervals interacts with HCl limiting
acid mucosal irritation. Mucosal irritation can lead to bleeding.
148.
A client with a history of recurrent GI bleeding is admitted to the
hospital for a gastrectomy. Following surgery, the client has a
nasogastric tube to low continuous suction. He begins to hyperventilate.
The nurse should be aware that this pattern will alter his arterial
blood gases by:
A. Increasing HCO3
B. Decreasing PCO2
C. Decreasing pH
D. Decreasing PO2
Answer: (B) Decreasing PCO2
Hyperventilation results in the increased elimination of carbon dioxide from the blood that can lead to respiratory alkalosis.
149.
Routine postoperative IV fluids are designed to supply hydration and
electrolyte and only limited energy. Because 1 L of a 5% dextrose
solution contains 50 g of sugar, 3 L per day would apply approximately:
A. 400 Kilocalories
B. 600 Kilocalories
C. 800 Kilocalories
D. 1000 Kilocalories
Answer: (B) 600 Kilocalories
Carbohydrates provide 4 kcal/ gram; therefore 3L x 50 g/L x 4 kcal/g = 600 kcal; only about a third of the basal energy need.
150.
Thrombus formation is a danger for all postoperative clients. The nurse
should act independently to prevent this complication by:
A. Encouraging adequate fluids
B. Applying elastic stockings
C. Massaging gently the legs with lotion
D. Performing active-assistive leg exercises
Answer: (D) Performing active-assistive leg exercises
Inactivity
causes venous stasis, hypercoagulability, and external pressure against
the veins, all of which lead to thrombus formation. Early ambulation or
exercise of the lower extremities reduces the occurrence of this
phenomenon
151.
An unconscious client is admitted to the ICU, IV fluids are started and
a Foley catheter is inserted. With an indwelling catheter, urinary
infection is a potential danger. The nurse can best plan to avoid this
problem by:
A. Emptying the drainage bag frequently
B. Collecting a weekly urine specimen
C. Maintaining the ordered hydration
D. Assessing urine specific gravity
Answer: (C) Maintaining the ordered hydration
Promoting
hydration, maintains urine production at a higher rate, which flushes
the bladder and prevents urinary stasis and possible infection
152.
The nurse performs full range of motion on a bedridden client’s
extremities. When putting his ankle through range of motion, the nurse
must perform:
A. Flexion, extension and left and right rotation
B. Abduction, flexion, adduction and extension
C. Pronation, supination, rotation, and extension
D. Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion and inversion
Answer: (D) Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, eversion and inversion
These movements include all possible range of motion for the ankle joint
153.
A client has been in a coma for 2 months. The nurse understands that to
prevent the effects of shearing force on the skin, the head of the bed
should be at an angle of:
A. 30 degrees
B. 45 degrees
C. 60 degrees
D. 90 degrees
Answer: (A) 30 degrees
Shearing
force occurs when 2 surfaces move against each other; when the bed is
at an angle greater than 30 degrees, the torso tends to slide and causes
this phenomenon. Shearing forces are good contributory factors of
pressure sores.
154.
Rene, age 62, is scheduled for a TURP after being diagnosed with a
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH). As part of the preoperative
teaching, the nurse should tell the client that after surgery:
A. Urinary control may be permanently lost to some degree
B. Urinary drainage will be dependent on a urethral catheter for 24 hours
C. Frequency and burning on urination will last while the cystotomy tube is in place
D. His ability to perform sexually will be permanently impaired
Answer: (B) Urinary drainage will be dependent on a urethral catheter for 24 hours
An
indwelling urethral catheter is used, because surgical trauma can cause
urinary retention leading to further complications such as bleeding.
155.
The transurethral resection of the prostate is performed on a client
with BPH. Following surgery, nursing care should include:
A. Changing the abdominal dressing
B. Maintaining patency of the cystotomy tube
C. Maintaining patency of a three-way Foley catheter for cystoclysis
D. Observing for hemorrhage and wound infection
Answer: (C) Maintaining patency of a three-way Foley catheter for cystoclysis
Patency
of the catheter promotes bladder decompression, which prevents
distention and bleeding. Continuous flow of fluid through the bladder
limits clot formation and promotes hemostasis
156.
In the early postoperative period following a transurethral surgery,
the most common complication the nurse should observe for is:
A. Sepsis
B. Hemorrhage
C. Leakage around the catheter
D. Urinary retention with overflow
Answer: (B) Hemorrhage
After
transurethral surgery, hemorrhage is common because of venous oozing
and bleeding from many small arteries in the prostatic bed.
157.
Following prostate surgery, the retention catheter is secured to the
client’s leg causing slight traction of the inflatable balloon against
the prostatic fossa. This is done to:
A. Limit discomfort
B. Provide hemostasis
C. Reduce bladder spasms
D. Promote urinary drainage
Answer: (B) Provide hemostasis
The
pressure of the balloon against the small blood vessels of the prostate
creates a tampon-like effect that causes them to constrict thereby
preventing bleeding.
158.
Twenty-four hours after TURP surgery, the client tells the nurse he has
lower abdominal discomfort. The nurse notes that the catheter drainage
has stopped. The nurse’s initial action should be to:
A. Irrigate the catheter with saline
B. Milk the catheter tubing
C. Remove the catheter
D. Notify the physician
Answer: (B) Milk the catheter tubing
Milking
the tubing will usually dislodge the plug and will not harm the client.
A physician’s order is not necessary for a nurse to check catheter
patency.
159. The nurse would know that a post-TURP client understood his discharge teaching when he says “I should:”
A. Get out of bed into a chair for several hours daily
B. Call the physician if my urinary stream decreases
C. Attempt to void every 3 hours when I’m awake
D. Avoid vigorous exercise for 6 months after surgery
Answer: (B) Call the physician if my urinary stream decreases
Urethral
mucosa in the prostatic area is destroyed during surgery and strictures
my form with healing that causes partial or even complete ueinary
obstruction.
160.
Lucy is admitted to the surgical unit for a subtotal thyroidectomy. She
is diagnosed with Grave’s Disease. When assessing Lucy, the nurse would
expect to find:
A. Lethargy, weight gain, and forgetfulness
B. Weight loss, protruding eyeballs, and lethargy
C. Weight loss, exopthalmos and restlessness
D. Constipation, dry skin, and weight gain
Answer: (C) Weight loss, exopthalmos and restlessness
Classic
signs associated with hyperthyroidism are weight loss and restlessness
because of increased basal metabolic rate. Exopthalmos is due to
peribulbar edema.
161.
Lucy undergoes Subtotal Thyroidectomy for Grave’s Disease. In planning
for the client’s return from the OR, the nurse would consider that in a
subtotal thyroidectomy:
A. The entire thyroid gland is removed
B. A small part of the gland is left intact
C. One parathyroid gland is also removed
D. A portion of the thyroid and four parathyroids are removed
Answer: (B) A small part of the gland is left intact
Remaining
thyroid tissue may provide enough hormone for normal function. Total
thyroidectomy is generally done in clients with Thyroid Ca.
162.
Before a post- thyroidectomy client returns to her room from the OR,
the nurse plans to set up emergency equipment, which should include:
A. A crash cart with bed board
B. A tracheostomy set and oxygen
C. An airway and rebreathing mask
D. Two ampules of sodium bicarbonate
Answer: (B) A tracheostomy set and oxygen
Acute
respiratory obstruction in the post-operative period can result from
edema, subcutaneous bleeding that presses on the trachea, nerve damage,
or tetany.
163.
When a post-thyroidectomy client returns from surgery the nurse
assesses her for unilateral injury of the laryngeal nerve every 30 to 60
minutes by:
A. Observing for signs of tetany
B. Checking her throat for swelling
C. Asking her to state her name out loud
D. Palpating the side of her neck for blood seepage
Answer: (C) Asking her to state her name out loud
If the recurrent laryngeal nerve is damaged during surgery, the client will be hoarse and have difficulty speaking.
164.
On a post-thyroidectomy client’s discharge, the nurse teaches her to
observe for signs of surgically induced hypothyroidism. The nurse would
know that the client understands the teaching when she states she should
notify the physician if she develops:
A. Intolerance to heat
B. Dry skin and fatigue
C. Progressive weight loss
D. Insomnia and excitability
Answer: (B) Dry skin and fatigue
Dry
skin is most likely caused by decreased glandular function and fatigue
caused by decreased metabolic rate. Body functions and metabolism are
decreased in hypothyroidism.
165.
A client’s exopthalmos continues inspite of thyroidectomy for Grave’s
Disease. The nurse teaches her how to reduce discomfort and prevent
corneal ulceration. The nurse recognizes that the client understands the
teaching when she says: “I should:
A. Elevate the head of my bed at night
B. Avoid moving my extra-ocular muscles
C. Avoid using a sleeping mask at night
D. Avoid excessive blinking
Answer: (C) Avoid using a sleeping mask at night
The mask may irritate or scratch the eye if the client turns and lies on it during the night.
166.
Clara is a 37-year old cook. She is admitted for treatment of partial
and full-thickness burns of her entire right lower extremity and the
anterior portion of her right upper extremity. Her respiratory status is
compromised, and she is in pain and anxious.
Performing
an immediate appraisal, using the rule of nines, the nurse estimates
the percent of Clara’s body surface that is burned is:
A. 4.5%
B. 9%
C. 18 %
D. 22.5%
Answer: (D) 22.5%
The entire right lower extremity is 18% the anterior portion of the right upper extremity is 4.5% giving a total of 22.5%
167.
The nurse applies mafenide acetate (Sulfamylon cream) to Clara, who has
second and third degree burns on the right upper and lower extremities,
as ordered by the physician. This medication will:
A. Inhibit bacterial growth
B. Relieve pain from the burn
C. Prevent scar tissue formation
D. Provide chemical debridement
Answer: (A) Inhibit bacterial growth
Sulfamylon is effective against a wide variety of gram positive and gram negative organisms including anaerobes
168.
Forty-eight hours after a burn injury, the physician orders for the
client 2 liters of IV fluid to be administered q12 h. The drop factor of
the tubing is 10 gtt/ml. The nurse should set the flow to provide:
A. 18 gtt/min
B. 28 gtt/min
C. 32 gtt/min
D. 36 gtt/min
Answer: (B) 28 gtt/min
This
is the correct flow rate; multiply the amount to be infused (2000 ml)
by the drop factor (10) and divide the result by the amount of time in
minutes (12 hours x 60 minutes)
169. Clara, a burn client, receives a temporary heterograft (pig skin) on some of her burns. These grafts will:
A. Debride necrotic epithelium
B. Be sutured in place for better adherence
C. Relieve pain and promote rapid epithelialization
D. Frequently be used concurrently with topical antimicrobials.
Answer: (C) Relieve pain and promote rapid epithelialization
The graft covers nerve endings, which reduces pain and provides a framework for granulation that promotes effective healing.
170.
A client with burns on the chest has periodic episodes of dyspnea. The
position that would provide for the greatest respiratory capacity would
be the:
A. Semi-fowler’s position
B. Sims’ position
C. Orthopneic position
D. Supine position
Answer: (C) Orthopneic position
The orthopneic position lowers the diaphragm and provides for maximal thoracic expansion
171.
Jane, a 20- year old college student is admiited to the hospital with a
tentative diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. She is scheduled to have a
series of diagnostic studies for myasthenia gravis, including a Tensilon
test. In preparing her for this procedure, the nurse explains that her
response to the medication will confirm the diagnosis if Tensilon
produces:
A. Brief exaggeration of symptoms
B. Prolonged symptomatic improvement
C. Rapid but brief symptomatic improvement
D. Symptomatic improvement of just the ptosis
Answer: (C) Rapid but brief symptomatic improvement
Tensilon acts systemically to increase muscle strength; with a peak effect in 30 seconds, It lasts several minutes.
172.
The initial nursing goal for a client with myasthenia gravis during the
diagnostic phase of her hospitalization would be to:
A. Develop a teaching plan
B. Facilitate psychologic adjustment
C. Maintain the present muscle strength
D. Prepare for the appearance of myasthenic crisis
Answer: (C) Maintain the present muscle strength
Until diagnosis is confirmed, primary goal should be to maintain adequate activity and prevent muscle atrophy
173. The most significant initial nursing observations that need to be made about a client with myasthenia include:
A. Ability to chew and speak distinctly
B. Degree of anxiety about her diagnosis
C. Ability to smile an to close her eyelids
D. Respiratory exchange and ability to swallow
Answer: (D) Respiratory exchange and ability to swallow
Muscle
weakness can lead to respiratory failure that will require emergency
intervention and inability to swallow may lead to aspiration
174.
Helen is diagnosed with myasthenia gravis and pyridostigmine bromide
(Mestinon) therapy is started. The Mestinon dosage is frequently changed
during the first week. While the dosage is being adjusted, the nurse’s
priority intervention is to:
A. Administer the medication exactly on time
B. Administer the medication with food or mild
C. Evaluate the client’s muscle strength hourly after medication
D. Evaluate the client’s emotional side effects between doses
Answer: (C) Evaluate the client’s muscle strength hourly after medication
Peak response occurs 1 hour after administration and lasts up to 8 hours; the response will influence dosage levels.
175.
Helen, a client with myasthenia gravis, begins to experience increased
difficulty in swallowing. To prevent aspiration of food, the nursing
action that would be most effective would be to:
A. Change her diet order from soft foods to clear liquids
B. Place an emergency tracheostomy set in her room
C. Assess her respiratory status before and after meals
D. Coordinate her meal schedule with the peak effect of her medication, Mestinon
Answer: (D) Coordinate her meal schedule with the peak effect of her medication, Mestinon
Dysphagia
should be minimized during peak effect of Mestinon, thereby decreasing
the probability of aspiration. Mestinon can increase her muscle strength
including her ability to swallow.
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